INTELLIGENCE AND APTITUDE
TOPS-3E: NU: Test of Problem Solving–3 Elementary: Normative Update Linda Bowers • Rosemary Huisingh • Carolyn LoGiudice
AGES: 6‑0 through 12‑11 TESTING TIME: 35 minutes ADMINISTRATION: Individual
The TOPS-3E: NU assesses a school-age child’s ability to integrate semantic and lin- guistic knowledge with reasoning ability by way of picture stimuli and verbal responses. The TOPS-3E: NU focuses on students’ ability to think and reason. Language compe- tence is the verbal indicator of how a student’s language skills affect his or her ability to think, reason, problem solve, infer, classify, associate, predict, determine causes, sequence, and understand directions. The test focuses on a broad range of language- based thinking skills, including clarifying, analyzing, generating solutions, evaluating, and showing affective thinking. While other tests may assess students’ thinking skills by tapping mathematical, spa- tial, or nonverbal potential, the TOPS-3E: NU measures discrete skills that form the foundation of language-based thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving ability. Although the skills tested on the TOPS-3E: NU are necessary for developing social com- petence, it is not primarily a test of pragmatic or social language skills. Rather, it should be part of a battery of tests and observations used to assess pragmatic competence. FEATURES • Characteristics of the normative sample were stratified by age relative to region, gen- der, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors, and other critical variables are the same as those reported for the school-age population reported in the ProQuest Statistical Abstract of the United States , 2016 (ProQuest, 2016). • The Total Score was renamed the Problem Solving Index and calculated as a standard score with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. • Each item on the test was evaluated using both conventional item analysis to choose good items and differential item analysis to find and eliminate potentially biased items.
• The index score was thoroughly examined for floor and ceiling effects. • The test was subjected to diagnostic accuracy analyses, particularly rigorous tech- niques involving the computation of the receiver operating characteristic/area under the curve (ROC/AUC) statistic. • The Examiner’s Manual was reorganized and rewritten to provide more detailed infor- mation on the administration, interpretation, and statistical characteristics of the test. COMPLETE TOPS-3E:NU KIT INCLUDES: Examiner’s Manual, Picture Book, and 25 Examiner Record Booklets, all in a sturdy storage box. (©2018) #34280 TOPS-3E: NU Complete Kit $208.00 #34282 TOPS-3E: NU Examiner’s Manual . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 93.00 #34282E TOPS-3E: NU Virtual Examiner’s Manual . . . . . . . . ......... 87.00 #34283E TOPS-3E: NU Virtual Picture Book . . . . . . . . . . ............ 60.00 #34281 TOPS-3E: NU Examiner Record Booklets (25) . . . . . . ........ 51.00
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Diagnose language-based thinking deficits.
TOPS 2–Adolescent: Test of Problem Solving 2–Adolescent Linda Bowers • Rosemary Huisingh • Carolyn LoGiudice
AGES: 12-0 through 17-11 TESTING TIME: 40 minutes
While other tests may assess thinking skills by tapping mathematical, spatial, or non- verbal potential, the TOPS 2–Adolescent assesses critical thinking abilities based on the student’s language strategies using logic and experience. The TOPS 2–Adolescent uses a natural context of problem-solving situations related to adolescent experiences, and assesses five different decision-making skill areas critical to academic, problem solving, and social success. Based on the research of Richard Paul, the TOPS 2–Adolescent emphasizes the inte- grative disposition of critical thinking by focusing on these cognitive processes: • comprehension • analysis • evaluation • explanation The test is composed of five subtests (18 written passages) that assess a student’s skills. The subtests require the student to pay careful attention to, process, and think about what he or she hears and reads; think about problems with a purpose in mind; resist the urge to be impulsive; and express answers verbally. Subtests: Subtest A: Making Inferences, Subtest B: Determining Solutions, Subtest C: Problem Solving, Subtest D: Interpreting Perspectives, Subtest E: Transferring Insights • interpretation • self-regulation • inference/insight • decision-making • intent/purpose • problem solving • acknowledgment
COMPLETE TOPS 2–ADOLESCENT KIT INCLUDES: Examiner’s Manual, Reading Passages Book, and 20 Test Forms. (©2007) #34130 TOPS 2–Adolescent Complete Kit $217.00 #34130AE TOPS 2–Adolescent Kit–Virtual (Examiner’s Manual and Reading Passages Bundle) . . . . . . . . . . ........... 152.00 #34131 TOPS 2–Adolescent Test Forms (20) . . . . . . . . . ........... 55.00
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14 | 2025–2026 ASSESSMENTS
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