READING
• Validity: Content-description validity was established through careful selection of items; controlled vocabulary; construct review by a panel of language experts; con- ventional item analysis as well as analysis of the test floors, ceilings, and item gra- dients; and differential item functioning. Criterion-prediction validity was established by (a) correlating TERA-4 standard scores with commercially available measures of reading ability (i.e., ERA, TOSWRF-2, TOSCRF-2, and TOSREC), (b) comparing means and standard deviations between the TERA-4 and criterion tests, and (c) computing sensitivity, specificity, and ROC/AUC statistics. Construct-identification validity was established by studying (a) the relationship of the TERA-4 standardized scores to age, academic achievement, spoken language, and intelligence; (b) the ability of the TERA-4’s standard scores to differentiate groups with known reading problems from those without such problems; and (c) the factorial fit of the subtests to the construct in the test model (i.e., reading). Floor, ceiling, and item gradient analyses for the TERA-4’s subtests and composite were conducted. • Limiting bias: The TERA-4 was examined using differential item functioning tech- niques. Further, a wide range of both mainstream and minority populations, includ- ing gender, racial, ethnic, linguistic, and disability categories, was included in the normative sample. Finally, reliability and validity information is provided for different mainstream and minority subgroups. COMPLETE TERA-4 KIT INCLUDES: Examiner’s Manual, 2 Picture Books (Form A and Form B), 2 packets of 25 Examiner Record Booklets (Form A and Form B), and Reader, and access to the Online Scoring and Report System, all in a sturdy storage box. (©2018) $476.00 #14636 TERA-4 Examiner’s Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 118.00 #14636E TERA-4 Virtual Examiner’s Manual . . . . . . . . . . ........... 110.00 #14637E TERA-4 Virtual Picture Books + Readers . . . . . . . ......... 193.00 #14638 TERA-4 Examiner Record Booklets Form A (25) . . . . . ....... 77.00 #14639 TERA-4 Examiner Record Booklets Form B (25) . . . . . ....... 77.00 This is a restricted product. Go to www.proedinc.com for details on user qualifications and to complete the User Acceptance Form. #14635 TERA-4 Complete Kit with Online Scoring
The only test of early reading that examines item bias.
TERA-4: Test of Early Reading Ability–Fourth Edition D. Kim Reid • Wayne P. Hresko • Donald D. Hammill AGES: 4-0 through 8-11
TESTING TIME: 30 minutes ADMINISTRATION: Individual SCORING: Manual or online
The Test of Early Reading Ability–Fourth Edition (TERA-4) is a direct measure of reading ability in children ages 4-0 through 8-11. Rather than assessing children’s “readiness” for reading, the TERA-4 assesses their mastery of early-developing reading skills. The test has three subtests: Alphabet (measures knowledge of the alphabet and its uses), Conventions (measures knowledge of the conventions of print), and Meaning (measures comprehension of print). A composite, called the General Reading Index, represents overall reading ability. All users now have access to the optional PC-, Mac-, Chromebook-, and tablet- compatible TERA-4 Online Scoring and Report System via activation codes included in each package of TERA-4 Examiner Record Booklets. This system is a quick, efficient tool for (a) entering test session results; (b) converting subtest item scores or total raw scores into scaled scores; (c) generating composite index scores, percentile ranks, and upper and lower confidence intervals; (d) comparing TERA-4 scores to identify significant intraindividual differences; and (e) obtaining a score summary or narrative report. Use of the software ensures accurate application of basals and ceilings and calculation of scores. A LISTING OF TERA-4’S PSYCHOMETRIC QUALITIES FOLLOWS: • Demographics: The TERA-4 was standardized on a representative sample of 1,025 children representing 29 states and 271 different zip codes. • Reliability: Extensive studies of test reliability (coefficient alpha, test–retest, imme- diate and delayed alternate forms, and interscorer) support the TERA-4’s use with individual students. Average coefficient alpha for the full normative sample ranges from .88 to .97 for subtests and is .98 for the composite.
Phone Orders (800) 897-3202 • Fax (800) 397-7633 • orders@proedinc.com PRO-ED • 1301 W. 25th Street • Suite 300 • Austin, TX 78705 • www.proedinc.com
2025–2026 ASSESSMENTS | 41
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